Limnology, sedimentology, and hydrology of a jökulhlaup into a meromictic High Arctic lake1

نویسندگان

  • Ted Lewis
  • Pierre Francus
  • Raymond S. Bradley
چکیده

A large ice-dammed lake drained catastrophically into Lake Tuborg, Ellesmere Island, beginning on 25 July 2003. Limnological, sedimentological, and hydrological parameters were recorded before, during, and after this event. For several weeks prior to the jökulhlaup, water overtopped the ice-dammed lake and flowed into Lake Tuborg’s freshwater basin. A shallow sill separates the freshwater basin from a larger, deeper basin containing 25 PSU (practical salinity units) salt water. The sill blocked underflows from entering the saltwater basin before the jökulhlaup. The icedammed lake drained completely and catastrophically when englacial or subglacial conduits developed, and a glacier portal formed 980 m from the Lake Tuborg shore, marking the beginning of the jökulhlaup. The level of Lake Tuborg increased by 7.6 m in 84 h. This jökulhlaup is the largest known to have occurred in the High Arctic, and the largest witnessed in Canada since 1947. Strata of very cold water flowed above the chemocline for about 14 km, from the sill to the southwest end of the lake. The cold strata turbulently mixed with underlying salt water, allowing for saltwater flocculation of suspended sediment, causing rapid settling. The saltwater layer very slightly freshened and cooled. Close to the sill, near-surface sediments derived from the jökulhlaup are coarse and laminated; however, no erosion occurred toward the distal end of the lake, where a fining upward unit with a coarse base was deposited. Résumé : Un grand lac retenu par des glaces s’est drainé de manière catastrophique dans le lac Tuborg, de l’île Ellesmere, le 25 juillet 2003. Les paramètres limnologiques, sédimentologiques et hydrologiques ont été mesurés avant, durant et après cet événement. Durant plusieurs semaines avant le jökulhlaup, de l’eau se déversait par-dessus le barrage de glace du lac et s’écoulait dans le bassin d’eau douce du lac Tuborg. Un seuil peu profond sépare le bassin d’eau douce d’un bassin plus grand et plus profond contenant de l’eau à une salinité d’environ 25 USP (unités de salinité pratique). Avant le jökulhlaup, le seuil empêchait des courants de fond d’entrer dans le bassin d’eau salée. Le lac retenu par les glaces s’est drainé complètement et de manière catastrophique lorsque des canalisations dans ou sous la glace se sont développées et qu’un portail glaciaire s’est formé à 980 m des berges du lac Tuborg, marquant ainsi le début du jökulhlaup. Le niveau du lac Tuborg s’est élevé de 7,6 m en 84 heures. Ce jökulhlaup est le plus grand connu qui se soit produit dans le Grand Nord et le plus gros à être vu au Canada depuis 1947. Une couche d’eau très froide coulait par-dessus le chemocline sur une distance d’environ 14 km, depuis le seuil jusqu’à l’extrémité sud-ouest du lac. La couche froide s’est mêlée de manière turbulente avec l’eau salée sous-jacente engendrant une floculation des sédiments en suspension dans l’eau salée et une sédimentation rapide. La couche d’eau salée est devenue légèrement plus douce et plus froide. Les sédiments de surface provenant du jökulhlaup, sont grossiers et laminés à proximité du seuil; toutefois, il ne s’est pas produit d’érosion à l’extrémité distale du lac, où s’est déposée une unité à base grossière et à granodécroissance vers le haut. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Lewis et al. 806

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تاریخ انتشار 2007